Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Spain's jet fuel supply was 99 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (54%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (18%), Kazakhstan (15%) and Libya (13%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq18 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 15%)Libya13 kt (est. 13%)Saudi Arabia9.7 kt (est. 10%)United States7.0 kt (est. 7%)Mexico5.6 kt (est. 6%)Brazil5.4 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins19 kt (est. 19%)South Korea: no crude data4.9 kt (5%)Greece: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (1%)Spain: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (1%)Spain (own refineries)40 kt (41%)Greece54 kt (54%)South Korea4.9 kt (5%)Spain: jet fuel supply99 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece
- Spain (own refineries)
- South Korea
- Iraq18 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan15 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya13 kt (est. 13%)
- Saudi Arabia9.7 kt (est. 10%)
- United States7.0 kt (est. 7%)
- Mexico5.6 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil5.4 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins19 kt (est. 19%)
- South Korea: no crude data4.9 kt (5%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (1%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece | Spain: jet fuel supply | 53,553 | 54.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 40,491 | 40.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| South Korea | Spain: jet fuel supply | 4,900 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece | 16,645 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 12,950 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 12,854 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 9,962 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 7,112 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 7,024 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,832 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 5,602 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 5,418 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| South Korea: no crude data | South Korea | 4,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 2,707 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 2,563 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 1,958 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 1,225 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,147 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 1,045 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- South Korea: no crude data (4,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (1,147 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (1,045 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.