Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Spain's petrol supply was 859 kt: 97% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (18%), Mexico (13%) and Brazil (13%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
United States151 kt (est. 18%)Mexico116 kt (est. 13%)Brazil113 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria109 kt (est. 13%)Angola57 kt (est. 7%)Libya56 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia55 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins178 kt (est. 21%)Spain: crude origin not reported22 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)835 kt (97%)Netherlands23 kt (3%)France0.4 kt (<1%)Portugal0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply859 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- France
- Portugal
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 835,326 | 97.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 22,567 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 168,264 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 144,900 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 115,569 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 111,765 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 107,475 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 57,077 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 55,852 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 52,868 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 21,555 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,840 | 43.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,058 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 2,207 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,731 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,519 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,213 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 159 | 43.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 136 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 118 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 70 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 59 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 33 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 29 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 27 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 15 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 14 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 14 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal | 11 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 7 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude origin not reported (21,555 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,738 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.