Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 798 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (35%), Türkiye (11%) and the United Arab Emirates (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (10%), the United States (7%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya80 kt (est. 10%)United States58 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan57 kt (est. 7%)Iraq47 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan46 kt (est. 6%)Brazil46 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins151 kt (est. 19%)Türkiye: no crude data85 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data72 kt (9%)India: no crude data43 kt (5%)Italy: crude not from imports27 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data19 kt (2%)United States: no crude data17 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)190 kt (24%)Italy276 kt (35%)Türkiye85 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates72 kt (9%)India43 kt (5%)Netherlands33 kt (4%)Greece33 kt (4%)Portugal31 kt (4%)United States17 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia6.8 kt (<1%)Other suppliers12 kt (1%)Spain: road diesel supply798 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Spain (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- United Arab Emirates
- India
- Netherlands
- Greece
- Portugal
- Other (5)
- Libya80 kt (est. 10%)
- United States58 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan57 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq47 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan46 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil46 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins151 kt (est. 19%)
- Türkiye: no crude data85 kt (11%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data72 kt (9%)
- India: no crude data43 kt (5%)
- Italy: crude not from imports27 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data19 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data17 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 276,299 | 34.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 189,790 | 23.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 85,274 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: road diesel supply | 72,152 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 43,152 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,086 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: road diesel supply | 32,625 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Spain: road diesel supply | 30,539 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 16,620 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Spain: road diesel supply | 11,678 | 1.5% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 6,842 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 88,750 | 46.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 85,274 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 72,152 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 60,804 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 43,152 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 43,034 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 40,430 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 38,108 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 31,964 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 27,126 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 26,291 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 26,258 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 23,784 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 16,620 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 13,528 | 44.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 13,240 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 11,663 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 11,423 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 11,308 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,096 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 10,325 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 7,798 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,652 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,614 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 7,555 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 7,184 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 7,024 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 6,842 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 5,264 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Portugal | 5,015 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,984 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 3,482 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,457 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal | 3,421 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,075 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,962 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,945 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,330 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 2,117 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal | 1,020 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 970 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 6 | 39.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 3 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 2 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 1 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 1 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 1 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 0 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (85,274 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (72,152 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (43,152 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (27,126 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (18,505 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (16,620 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (8,227 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (971 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.