Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Spain's petrol supply was 831 kt: 91% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (16%), Brazil (13%) and Nigeria (9%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States134 kt (est. 16%)Brazil105 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria74 kt (est. 9%)Mexico66 kt (est. 8%)Angola62 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia52 kt (est. 6%)Venezuela48 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins233 kt (est. 28%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported30 kt (4%)Spain: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data2.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)755 kt (91%)Bulgaria30 kt (4%)Sweden16 kt (2%)Lithuania13 kt (2%)Netherlands11 kt (1%)Italy2.5 kt (<1%)China2.2 kt (<1%)France0.4 kt (<1%)Portugal0.4 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply831 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Bulgaria
- Sweden
- Lithuania
- Netherlands
- Italy
- China
- France
- Other (1)
- United States134 kt (est. 16%)
- Brazil105 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria74 kt (est. 9%)
- Mexico66 kt (est. 8%)
- Angola62 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia52 kt (est. 6%)
- Venezuela48 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins233 kt (est. 28%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported30 kt (4%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported21 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data2.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 754,835 | 90.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Bulgaria | Spain: petrol supply | 30,013 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Spain: petrol supply | 16,419 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Spain: petrol supply | 12,933 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 11,147 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 2,501 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Spain: petrol supply | 2,203 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 207,778 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 127,129 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 104,433 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 73,337 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 65,956 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 62,303 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain (own refineries) | 47,529 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 45,433 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 30,013 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 20,938 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 11,591 | 70.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Spain split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 6,182 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 5,757 | 44.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,479 | 49.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 3,119 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Spain split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,578 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 2,203 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,734 | 69.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Sweden | 1,482 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 998 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Lithuania | 965 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 785 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 713 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 518 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 246 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 227 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Spain split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 215 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 195 | 49.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 169 | 44.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 125 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 120 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 104 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 77 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 76 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 63 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 46 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 42 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 32 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 29 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | France | 27 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 23 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 16 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 13 | 3.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 13 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 13 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Venezuela | Italy | 6 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (30,013 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (20,938 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,493 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (2,203 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (287 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.