Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Spain's petrol supply was 981 kt: 90% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Nigeria (13%) and Brazil (12%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States147 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria123 kt (est. 13%)Brazil120 kt (est. 12%)Mexico81 kt (est. 8%)Venezuela74 kt (est. 8%)Libya64 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia53 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins258 kt (est. 26%)Spain: crude not from imports22 kt (2%)Spain: crude origin not reported18 kt (2%)Origin not reported: crude unknown11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)886 kt (90%)Italy43 kt (4%)Netherlands26 kt (3%)Romania9.0 kt (<1%)Croatia4.9 kt (<1%)Portugal0.4 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported11 kt (1%)Spain: petrol supply981 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Romania
- Croatia
- Portugal
- France
- Other (1)
- United States147 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria123 kt (est. 13%)
- Brazil120 kt (est. 12%)
- Mexico81 kt (est. 8%)
- Venezuela74 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya64 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia53 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins258 kt (est. 26%)
- Spain: crude not from imports22 kt (2%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported18 kt (2%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 886,151 | 90.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 43,082 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 26,073 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Spain: petrol supply | 10,904 | 1.1% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Romania | Spain: petrol supply | 8,992 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Spain: petrol supply | 4,886 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 216,460 | 24.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 137,251 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 118,902 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 117,391 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 81,022 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain (own refineries) | 73,479 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 53,148 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 48,558 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 21,759 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 20,419 | 47.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 18,180 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 12,842 | 49.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 10,904 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 9,772 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,956 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 5,012 | 55.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 3,552 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,415 | 7.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 3,041 | 62.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Spain split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,841 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,500 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 2,420 | 26.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,199 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,935 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,429 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1,223 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 1,172 | 24.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 1,025 | 11.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Croatia | 673 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's petrol to Spain split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 535 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 414 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Italy | 253 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 216 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 188 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 167 | 39.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 144 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 78 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 71 | 51.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 33 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 27 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 12 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 11 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 6 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 5 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 5 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 4 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude not from imports (21,759 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (18,180 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (10,904 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,015 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,966 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (10,904 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.