Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 644 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (28%), Italy (15%) and the Netherlands (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%), Nigeria (6%) and Brazil (6%), and 42% cannot be traced.
Country
United States51 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria41 kt (est. 6%)Brazil38 kt (est. 6%)Libya38 kt (est. 6%)Mexico31 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 3%)Iraq21 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins128 kt (est. 20%)United States: no crude data182 kt (28%)Türkiye: no crude data34 kt (5%)Spain: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)India: no crude data11 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data9.5 kt (1%)United Kingdom: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.8 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)263 kt (41%)United States182 kt (28%)Italy95 kt (15%)Netherlands36 kt (6%)Türkiye34 kt (5%)India11 kt (2%)Kuwait9.5 kt (1%)United Kingdom9.0 kt (1%)United Arab Emirates4.3 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply644 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- United States
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Türkiye
- India
- Kuwait
- United Kingdom
- Other (1)
- United States51 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria41 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil38 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya38 kt (est. 6%)
- Mexico31 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq21 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins128 kt (est. 20%)
- United States: no crude data182 kt (28%)
- Türkiye: no crude data34 kt (5%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported11 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data11 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data9.5 kt (1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data9.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 263,015 | 40.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 181,606 | 28.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 95,325 | 14.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 35,512 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 34,125 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 11,239 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 9,494 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: road diesel supply | 9,025 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: road diesel supply | 4,299 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 181,606 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 84,782 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 37,476 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 34,125 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 33,419 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 32,242 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 31,671 | 33.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 28,829 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 19,822 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 17,682 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 12,781 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,983 | 33.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 11,333 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| India: no crude data | India | 11,239 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 9,494 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 9,287 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 9,093 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 9,025 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,746 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 6,468 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 6,242 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 6,234 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 5,282 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 4,299 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,699 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,453 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,007 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,805 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 2,681 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,576 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,708 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,306 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 244 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (181,606 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (34,125 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (11,333 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- India: no crude data (11,239 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (9,494 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (9,025 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,916 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,299 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,805 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.