Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Spain's jet fuel supply was 323 kt: 11% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (51%), India (17%) and Libya (11%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 88% cannot be traced.
Country
United States6.1 kt (est. 2%)Brazil5.0 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria4.7 kt (est. 1%)Mexico3.9 kt (est. 1%)Libya2.4 kt (est. <1%)Venezuela2.3 kt (est. <1%)Angola2.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data164 kt (51%)India: no crude data55 kt (17%)Libya: no crude data35 kt (11%)Bahrain: no crude data29 kt (9%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)36 kt (11%)Saudi Arabia164 kt (51%)India55 kt (17%)Libya35 kt (11%)Bahrain29 kt (9%)Netherlands4.5 kt (1%)Spain: jet fuel supply323 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Spain (own refineries)
- Libya
- Bahrain
- Netherlands
- United States6.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil5.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria4.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Mexico3.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya2.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Venezuela2.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Angola2.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data164 kt (51%)
- India: no crude data55 kt (17%)
- Libya: no crude data35 kt (11%)
- Bahrain: no crude data29 kt (9%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: jet fuel supply | 163,625 | 50.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: jet fuel supply | 55,486 | 17.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 35,677 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Libya | Spain: jet fuel supply | 34,719 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bahrain | Spain: jet fuel supply | 29,003 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: jet fuel supply | 4,484 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 163,625 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 55,486 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 34,719 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bahrain: no crude data | Bahrain | 29,003 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 9,072 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 5,083 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 4,533 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 4,374 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 3,911 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 2,399 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain (own refineries) | 2,297 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,267 | 50.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 2,108 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 1,537 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 978 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 467 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 364 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 354 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 325 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 62 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 31 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (163,625 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (55,486 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (34,719 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bahrain: no crude data (29,003 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,891 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (364 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.