Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2024, Spain's petrol supply was 943 kt: 92% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Brazil (12%) and Nigeria (12%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States130 kt (est. 14%)Brazil113 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria110 kt (est. 12%)Mexico96 kt (est. 10%)Libya68 kt (est. 7%)Venezuela56 kt (est. 6%)Angola52 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins257 kt (est. 27%)Spain: crude origin not reported37 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data9.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)866 kt (92%)Italy41 kt (4%)Netherlands18 kt (2%)Singapore9.0 kt (<1%)Romania9.0 kt (<1%)Portugal0.4 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply943 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Singapore
- Romania
- Portugal
- France
- United States130 kt (est. 14%)
- Brazil113 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria110 kt (est. 12%)
- Mexico96 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya68 kt (est. 7%)
- Venezuela56 kt (est. 6%)
- Angola52 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins257 kt (est. 27%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported37 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data9.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 865,721 | 91.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 40,818 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 18,005 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: petrol supply | 8,979 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Spain: petrol supply | 8,967 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 220,139 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 123,352 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 110,001 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 106,126 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 94,893 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 58,202 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain (own refineries) | 55,733 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain (own refineries) | 51,145 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 37,304 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 22,197 | 54.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,103 | 50.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 8,979 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 8,826 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 8,488 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 5,713 | 63.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,927 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,770 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,673 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,670 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,885 | 21.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,876 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,422 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,306 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 731 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 719 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 650 | 7.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 559 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Italy | 367 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Italy | 363 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 247 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 184 | 43.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 148 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 124 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 73 | 49.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 58 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 34 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 28 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 14 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 11 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 10 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 5 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 2.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 3 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 3 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-06 to 2024-08. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2024-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-06 to 2024-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude origin not reported (37,304 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (13,388 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,979 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,075 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.