Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Spain's petrol supply was 907 kt: 91% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Brazil (13%) and Mexico (10%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
United States127 kt (est. 14%)Brazil116 kt (est. 13%)Mexico88 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria85 kt (est. 9%)Venezuela55 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia49 kt (est. 5%)Libya48 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins267 kt (est. 29%)Spain: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)Spain: crude not from imports28 kt (3%)Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)825 kt (91%)Italy40 kt (4%)Netherlands18 kt (2%)Greece12 kt (1%)Tunisia7.4 kt (<1%)Singapore4.5 kt (<1%)Portugal0.3 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply907 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Greece
- Tunisia
- Singapore
- Portugal
- France
- United States127 kt (est. 14%)
- Brazil116 kt (est. 13%)
- Mexico88 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria85 kt (est. 9%)
- Venezuela55 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia49 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya48 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins267 kt (est. 29%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported29 kt (3%)
- Spain: crude not from imports28 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 824,671 | 90.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 39,849 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 17,979 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: petrol supply | 12,383 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Tunisia | Spain: petrol supply | 7,376 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: petrol supply | 4,499 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 228,361 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 118,895 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 114,184 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 87,175 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 80,775 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain (own refineries) | 54,285 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 46,080 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 38,229 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 28,537 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Spain: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 28,150 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 19,935 | 50.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 9,281 | 74.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,254 | 51.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,562 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Tunisia | 7,376 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 4,499 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy | 4,119 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,735 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 3,203 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,971 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,863 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,646 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,645 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,471 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,047 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 990 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 712 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 545 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 459 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Italy | 265 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 246 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 141 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 121 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 116 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 111 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 108 | 40.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 53 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 32 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 28 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 15 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 14 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 10 | 4.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 9 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 6 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 3 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude origin not reported (28,537 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Spain: crude not from imports (28,150 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11,875 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,898 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,622 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.