Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 850 kt: 28% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (13%), Italy (13%) and the Netherlands (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (9%) and Brazil (8%), and 43% cannot be traced.
Country
United States79 kt (est. 9%)Brazil66 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria37 kt (est. 4%)Iraq30 kt (est. 4%)Libya29 kt (est. 3%)Mexico28 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins176 kt (est. 21%)United States: no crude data107 kt (13%)Canada: no crude data60 kt (7%)Other suppliers: no crude data58 kt (7%)Malta: no refinery32 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data27 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data26 kt (3%)Other suppliers: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)Spain: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Italy: crude not from imports9.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.5 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)235 kt (28%)United States107 kt (13%)Italy107 kt (13%)Netherlands98 kt (12%)Canada60 kt (7%)Portugal47 kt (5%)France36 kt (4%)Malta32 kt (4%)Kuwait27 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia26 kt (3%)Other suppliers76 kt (9%)Spain: road diesel supply850 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- United States
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Canada
- Portugal
- France
- Malta
- Other (7)
- United States79 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil66 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria37 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq30 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya29 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico28 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins176 kt (est. 21%)
- United States: no crude data107 kt (13%)
- Canada: no crude data60 kt (7%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data58 kt (7%)
- Malta: no refinery32 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data27 kt (3%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data26 kt (3%)
- Other suppliers: crude origin not reported17 kt (2%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Italy: crude not from imports9.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.5 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 235,096 | 27.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 107,069 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 106,526 | 12.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 97,931 | 11.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Spain: road diesel supply | 76,166 | 9.0% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Canada | Spain: road diesel supply | 59,580 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Spain: road diesel supply | 46,609 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Spain: road diesel supply | 35,533 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Malta | Spain: road diesel supply | 31,808 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 27,151 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 26,379 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 107,069 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 79,947 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada: no crude data | Canada | 59,580 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 57,981 | 400.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 38,448 | 36.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 35,764 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 34,752 | 35.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 32,673 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Malta: no refinery | Malta | 31,808 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 27,151 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 26,379 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 26,264 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 25,054 | 53.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 22,473 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other suppliers: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 17,387 | 95.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 17,264 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 14,804 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 14,150 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 12,594 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 11,310 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 11,230 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 11,032 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 10,282 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 9,996 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 9,251 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 9,209 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 9,117 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 9,025 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 8,525 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,099 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Italy | 7,347 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 6,641 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 6,259 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 5,466 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Portugal | 5,267 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 4,461 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4,130 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,091 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3,602 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 2,497 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 2,056 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,718 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1,574 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,394 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 1,196 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 1,196 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,024 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 798 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy | 468 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 45 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (107,069 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Canada: no crude data (59,580 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (57,981 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malta: no refinery (31,808 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Kuwait: no crude data (27,151 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (26,379 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Other suppliers: crude origin not reported (17,387 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (11,310 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (10,698 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (9,209 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,505 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.