Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Spain's road diesel supply was 690 kt: 34% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (15%), the United States (14%) and the Netherlands (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Kazakhstan (6%) and Brazil (6%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
United States69 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 6%)Brazil44 kt (est. 6%)Iraq35 kt (est. 5%)Mexico35 kt (est. 5%)Libya29 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria28 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins152 kt (est. 22%)United States: no crude data100 kt (14%)India: no crude data60 kt (9%)Kuwait: no crude data38 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data22 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.5 kt (1%)Spain: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data5.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)236 kt (34%)Italy101 kt (15%)United States100 kt (14%)Netherlands98 kt (14%)India60 kt (9%)Kuwait38 kt (6%)Greece31 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia22 kt (3%)Türkiye5.3 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply690 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- United States
- Netherlands
- India
- Kuwait
- Greece
- Saudi Arabia
- Other (1)
- United States69 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan44 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil44 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq35 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico35 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya29 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria28 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins152 kt (est. 22%)
- United States: no crude data100 kt (14%)
- India: no crude data60 kt (9%)
- Kuwait: no crude data38 kt (6%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data22 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports11 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported8.5 kt (1%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported8.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data5.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 235,828 | 34.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 101,377 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 99,837 | 14.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 97,502 | 14.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 59,764 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 38,215 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: road diesel supply | 30,618 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 21,910 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 5,327 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 99,837 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 73,514 | 31.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 59,764 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 39,102 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 38,215 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 35,441 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 34,959 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 33,074 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 29,781 | 30.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 24,983 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 21,910 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 17,768 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 15,409 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 13,529 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 12,782 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 11,319 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 9,526 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 9,247 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 9,062 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 8,780 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 8,736 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 8,469 | 27.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 8,461 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 8,423 | 27.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 8,203 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Italy | 7,997 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 7,453 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 7,045 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 6,425 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 5,327 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 3,897 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,289 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,315 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,801 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,470 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,007 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 867 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 748 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 443 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (99,837 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (59,764 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (38,215 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (21,910 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11,189 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (8,461 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (8,203 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (5,327 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,450 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.