Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 742 kt: 36% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (16%), Kuwait (13%) and Italy (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Brazil (7%) and Mexico (6%), and 41% cannot be traced.
Country
United States77 kt (est. 10%)Brazil53 kt (est. 7%)Mexico48 kt (est. 6%)Libya37 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria33 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 4%)Norway25 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins136 kt (est. 18%)Kuwait: no crude data100 kt (13%)United States: no crude data76 kt (10%)India: no crude data36 kt (5%)Singapore: no crude data33 kt (4%)Türkiye: no crude data31 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)Spain: crude origin not reported7.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.6 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)266 kt (36%)Netherlands118 kt (16%)Kuwait100 kt (13%)Italy81 kt (11%)United States76 kt (10%)India36 kt (5%)Singapore33 kt (4%)Türkiye31 kt (4%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply742 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Italy
- United States
- India
- Singapore
- Türkiye
- Other (1)
- United States77 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil53 kt (est. 7%)
- Mexico48 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya37 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria33 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway25 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins136 kt (est. 18%)
- Kuwait: no crude data100 kt (13%)
- United States: no crude data76 kt (10%)
- India: no crude data36 kt (5%)
- Singapore: no crude data33 kt (4%)
- Türkiye: no crude data31 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported7.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 266,144 | 35.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 118,463 | 16.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 100,098 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 81,148 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 75,562 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 36,494 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,181 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: road diesel supply | 31,156 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 100,098 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 77,450 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 75,562 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 46,462 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 40,355 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 39,008 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 36,494 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 33,181 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 32,123 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 31,841 | 39.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 31,156 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 26,385 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 25,972 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 18,920 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 18,291 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 15,438 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 11,807 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,409 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 10,322 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 9,944 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 7,817 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 7,123 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 6,644 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Italy | 5,413 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 5,005 | 6.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 4,170 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain (own refineries) | 3,319 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 3,315 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,858 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,823 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,514 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,027 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 0 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 0 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 0 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (100,098 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (75,562 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (36,494 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (33,181 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (31,156 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (12,127 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Spain: crude origin not reported (7,817 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,644 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.