Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Spain's petrol supply was 909 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Mexico (15%), the United States (14%) and Brazil (13%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Mexico140 kt (est. 15%)United States126 kt (est. 14%)Brazil122 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria83 kt (est. 9%)Libya71 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia46 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins244 kt (est. 27%)Spain: crude origin not reported23 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)788 kt (87%)Italy109 kt (12%)Netherlands11 kt (1%)Portugal0.4 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply909 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Portugal
- France
- Mexico140 kt (est. 15%)
- United States126 kt (est. 14%)
- Brazil122 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria83 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya71 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia46 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins244 kt (est. 27%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported23 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 788,250 | 86.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 108,918 | 12.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 10,898 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 201,811 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 137,610 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 119,522 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 115,531 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 76,923 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 45,724 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 38,461 | 35.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 37,406 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 30,571 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 25,395 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 23,152 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 13,346 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 8,726 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 7,266 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 6,717 | 6.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 5,596 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,951 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,955 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 2,032 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,379 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,086 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 958 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 655 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 611 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 263 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 260 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 166 | 46.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 165 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 159 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 57 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 43 | 25.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 21 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 18 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 16 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 14 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 7 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 6 | 3.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 3 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude origin not reported (23,152 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,386 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (615 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.