Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Spain's petrol supply was 842 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (17%), Mexico (14%) and the United States (13%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil143 kt (est. 17%)Mexico116 kt (est. 14%)United States111 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria84 kt (est. 10%)Libya64 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 5%)Iraq32 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins227 kt (est. 27%)Spain: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no refinery9.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)730 kt (87%)Italy45 kt (5%)Portugal33 kt (4%)Netherlands17 kt (2%)Belgium8.1 kt (<1%)Estonia5.4 kt (<1%)Latvia3.9 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply842 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Portugal
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Estonia
- Latvia
- France
- Brazil143 kt (est. 17%)
- Mexico116 kt (est. 14%)
- United States111 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria84 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya64 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia40 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq32 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins227 kt (est. 27%)
- Spain: crude origin not reported13 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery9.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 729,627 | 86.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 44,771 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Spain: petrol supply | 32,898 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 17,271 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: petrol supply | 8,055 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Estonia | Spain: petrol supply | 5,406 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Latvia | Spain: petrol supply | 3,871 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 180,018 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 126,175 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 115,028 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 100,683 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 79,129 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 52,227 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 36,414 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 26,569 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 18,475 | 41.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 16,135 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 13,843 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude origin not reported | Spain (own refineries) | 13,383 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 10,414 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,327 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Estonia | 5,406 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,527 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,524 | 56.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Latvia | 3,871 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,405 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 3,388 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,825 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,602 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,285 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 1,723 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,543 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,371 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,251 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 1,197 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,060 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 805 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 744 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 634 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 568 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 496 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 453 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 390 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 340 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 280 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 269 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 105 | 38.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 101 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 72 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 34 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 22 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | France | 22 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 20 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 9 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 9 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 2 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Spain: crude origin not reported (13,383 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (9,277 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,317 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,453 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.