Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Spain's jet fuel supply was 203 kt: 23% from its own refineries, with imports from Kuwait (49%), Nigeria (15%) and the Netherlands (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (6%), and 65% cannot be traced.
Country
United States11 kt (est. 6%)Brazil9.6 kt (est. 5%)Mexico6.1 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan5.6 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria5.3 kt (est. 3%)Norway4.6 kt (est. 2%)Libya4.6 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins24 kt (est. 12%)Kuwait: no crude data100 kt (49%)Nigeria: no crude data30 kt (15%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)48 kt (23%)Kuwait100 kt (49%)Nigeria30 kt (15%)Netherlands25 kt (12%)Spain: jet fuel supply203 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Kuwait
- Spain (own refineries)
- Nigeria
- Netherlands
- United States11 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil9.6 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico6.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan5.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria5.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway4.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya4.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins24 kt (est. 12%)
- Kuwait: no crude data100 kt (49%)
- Nigeria: no crude data30 kt (15%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait | Spain: jet fuel supply | 99,997 | 49.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 47,641 | 23.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Nigeria | Spain: jet fuel supply | 30,128 | 14.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: jet fuel supply | 24,991 | 12.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 99,997 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 30,128 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 17,949 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 8,090 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 6,070 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 6,039 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,864 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,166 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,433 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 3,770 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,662 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 3,639 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 1,915 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,584 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,531 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,504 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 915 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 333 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain (own refineries) | 170 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (99,997 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (30,128 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,584 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (333 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.