Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Spain's petrol supply was 998 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (14%), the United States (11%) and Mexico (10%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil138 kt (est. 14%)United States110 kt (est. 11%)Mexico102 kt (est. 10%)Libya85 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria68 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan63 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia50 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins304 kt (est. 30%)Trinidad and Tobago: no crude data36 kt (4%)Nigeria: no crude data19 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)790 kt (79%)Italy72 kt (7%)Trinidad and Tobago36 kt (4%)Romania23 kt (2%)Greece22 kt (2%)Nigeria19 kt (2%)Netherlands17 kt (2%)Oman8.7 kt (<1%)Belgium7.9 kt (<1%)Türkiye2.7 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.6 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply998 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Romania
- Greece
- Nigeria
- Netherlands
- Oman
- Other (4)
- Brazil138 kt (est. 14%)
- United States110 kt (est. 11%)
- Mexico102 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya85 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria68 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan63 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia50 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins304 kt (est. 30%)
- Trinidad and Tobago: no crude data36 kt (4%)
- Nigeria: no crude data19 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports10 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 790,104 | 79.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 71,708 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Spain: petrol supply | 35,580 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Spain: petrol supply | 22,889 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: petrol supply | 22,050 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Spain: petrol supply | 18,809 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 16,687 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | Spain: petrol supply | 8,716 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: petrol supply | 7,939 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: petrol supply | 2,743 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 256,898 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 134,167 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 100,666 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 100,149 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 62,524 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 60,343 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 43,595 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Trinidad and Tobago: no crude data | Trinidad and Tobago | 35,580 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 31,762 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 22,701 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 18,809 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 17,041 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 11,402 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 9,650 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Oman | 8,716 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 8,216 | 37.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,562 | 39.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,510 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,277 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 5,262 | 23.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 4,940 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 4,929 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 4,671 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,200 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 4,179 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 4,070 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,450 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 2,743 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Italy | 2,708 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,445 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,048 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,748 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,301 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 1,296 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,067 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,057 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,022 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,004 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 611 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 576 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 385 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 314 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 245 | 75.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 222 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 160 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 160 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 137 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 111 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 84 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 58 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 49 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 27 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 10 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 5 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 4 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Trinidad and Tobago: no crude data (35,580 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (18,809 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11,459 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (10,166 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,221 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.