Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Spain's jet fuel supply was 197 kt: 21% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (33%), Kuwait (22%) and the United States (21%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 77% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil7.4 kt (est. 4%)United States6.3 kt (est. 3%)Mexico5.8 kt (est. 3%)Libya4.0 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria3.6 kt (est. 2%)Algeria2.8 kt (est. 1%)Kazakhstan2.6 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins13 kt (est. 7%)Türkiye: no crude data66 kt (33%)Kuwait: no crude data44 kt (22%)United States: no crude data42 kt (21%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)42 kt (21%)Türkiye66 kt (33%)Kuwait44 kt (22%)United States42 kt (21%)Belgium3.1 kt (2%)Spain: jet fuel supply197 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Türkiye
- Kuwait
- Spain (own refineries)
- United States
- Belgium
- Brazil7.4 kt (est. 4%)
- United States6.3 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico5.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya4.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria3.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Algeria2.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Kazakhstan2.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins13 kt (est. 7%)
- Türkiye: no crude data66 kt (33%)
- Kuwait: no crude data44 kt (22%)
- United States: no crude data42 kt (21%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye | Spain: jet fuel supply | 65,909 | 33.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: jet fuel supply | 44,406 | 22.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 42,440 | 21.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Spain: jet fuel supply | 41,626 | 21.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: jet fuel supply | 3,055 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 65,909 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 44,406 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 41,626 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 11,247 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 7,389 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 5,857 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 5,776 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 3,903 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 3,313 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 2,818 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 2,138 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,587 | 52.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 463 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 439 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 251 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 144 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 61 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 37 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 33 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 28 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Belgium | 12 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (65,909 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (44,406 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (41,626 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (61 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (37 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.