Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Spain's petrol supply was 979 kt: 75% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (15%), the United States (12%) and Mexico (10%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil151 kt (est. 15%)United States116 kt (est. 12%)Mexico102 kt (est. 10%)Libya93 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria68 kt (est. 7%)Algeria63 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins254 kt (est. 26%)Türkiye: no crude data39 kt (4%)Malta: no refinery13 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)737 kt (75%)Italy104 kt (11%)Portugal47 kt (5%)Türkiye39 kt (4%)Netherlands22 kt (2%)Malta13 kt (1%)United States8.6 kt (<1%)Romania5.1 kt (<1%)Trinidad and Tobago3.2 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply979 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Portugal
- Türkiye
- Netherlands
- Malta
- United States
- Romania
- Other (2)
- Brazil151 kt (est. 15%)
- United States116 kt (est. 12%)
- Mexico102 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya93 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria68 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria63 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins254 kt (est. 26%)
- Türkiye: no crude data39 kt (4%)
- Malta: no refinery13 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 737,302 | 75.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 103,950 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Spain: petrol supply | 46,522 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: petrol supply | 38,762 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 22,114 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Spain: petrol supply | 13,461 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: petrol supply | 8,552 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Spain: petrol supply | 5,105 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Spain: petrol supply | 3,245 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 195,384 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 128,371 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 101,757 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 100,346 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 67,803 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 57,549 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 48,954 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 38,762 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 37,988 | 36.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 37,137 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 24,248 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 19,143 | 41.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 14,634 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Malta: no refinery | Malta | 13,461 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 10,027 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal | 9,639 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,626 | 43.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United States | 8,552 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 8,338 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 6,059 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 4,524 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,494 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 4,398 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 4,177 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,372 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Trinidad and Tobago | 3,245 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Portugal | 3,189 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 2,504 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 2,344 | 45.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,603 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,396 | 27.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,385 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,282 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 1,077 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,031 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 924 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 288 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 59 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 53 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 45 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 37 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 32 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 28 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | France | 25 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 11 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (38,762 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malta: no refinery (13,461 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11,797 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,763 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,385 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.