Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 685 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (27%), Saudi Arabia (14%) and the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (10%), the United States (9%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya69 kt (est. 10%)United States59 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan54 kt (est. 8%)Brazil49 kt (est. 7%)Mexico39 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan34 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria32 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins152 kt (est. 22%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data96 kt (14%)Morocco: no crude data41 kt (6%)Singapore: no crude data39 kt (6%)Italy: crude not from imports19 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)261 kt (38%)Italy182 kt (27%)Saudi Arabia96 kt (14%)Netherlands66 kt (10%)Morocco41 kt (6%)Singapore39 kt (6%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply685 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Saudi Arabia
- Netherlands
- Morocco
- Singapore
- France
- Libya69 kt (est. 10%)
- United States59 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan54 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil49 kt (est. 7%)
- Mexico39 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan34 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria32 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins152 kt (est. 22%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data96 kt (14%)
- Morocco: no crude data41 kt (6%)
- Singapore: no crude data39 kt (6%)
- Italy: crude not from imports19 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 261,405 | 38.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 182,329 | 26.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 95,663 | 14.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 66,386 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Morocco | Spain: road diesel supply | 40,679 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 38,775 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 95,663 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 88,554 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 41,530 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 41,341 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Morocco: no crude data | Morocco | 40,679 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 38,775 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 35,480 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 34,599 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 34,218 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 32,033 | 48.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 31,864 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 28,710 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 25,826 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 20,848 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 19,016 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 14,755 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 13,129 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 10,772 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 10,097 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 9,626 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,983 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,783 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 3,433 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 3,160 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,866 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 1,495 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 4 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (95,663 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Morocco: no crude data (40,679 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (38,775 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (19,016 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,984 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (0 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.