Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Spain's jet fuel supply was 352 kt: 15% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (19%), Kuwait (15%) and India (12%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 84% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil8.3 kt (est. 2%)United States7.8 kt (est. 2%)Mexico7.2 kt (est. 2%)Libya5.4 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria4.6 kt (est. 1%)Algeria4.3 kt (est. 1%)Canada4.0 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins16 kt (est. 5%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data68 kt (19%)Kuwait: no crude data53 kt (15%)India: no crude data41 kt (12%)Nigeria: no crude data41 kt (12%)Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (9%)Egypt: no crude data32 kt (9%)United Kingdom: no crude data26 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)53 kt (15%)United Arab Emirates68 kt (19%)Kuwait53 kt (15%)India41 kt (12%)Nigeria41 kt (12%)Türkiye33 kt (9%)Egypt32 kt (9%)United Kingdom26 kt (7%)Belgium5.1 kt (1%)Spain: jet fuel supply352 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- Spain (own refineries)
- India
- Nigeria
- Türkiye
- Egypt
- United Kingdom
- Other (1)
- Brazil8.3 kt (est. 2%)
- United States7.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Mexico7.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya5.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria4.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Algeria4.3 kt (est. 1%)
- Canada4.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins16 kt (est. 5%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data68 kt (19%)
- Kuwait: no crude data53 kt (15%)
- India: no crude data41 kt (12%)
- Nigeria: no crude data41 kt (12%)
- Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (9%)
- Egypt: no crude data32 kt (9%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data26 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: jet fuel supply | 68,426 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: jet fuel supply | 53,059 | 15.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 52,504 | 14.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Spain: jet fuel supply | 41,461 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Spain: jet fuel supply | 40,699 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: jet fuel supply | 32,669 | 9.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: jet fuel supply | 31,962 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: jet fuel supply | 25,824 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: jet fuel supply | 5,128 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 68,426 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 53,059 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 41,461 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 40,699 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 32,669 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 31,962 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 25,824 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 12,859 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 8,304 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 7,126 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 6,949 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 5,187 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 4,260 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 4,187 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain (own refineries) | 3,632 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,103 | 60.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 835 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 375 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Belgium | 369 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 250 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Belgium | 54 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 54 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 45 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 43 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (68,426 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (53,059 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (41,461 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (40,699 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (32,669 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (31,962 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (25,824 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (45 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.