Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 747 kt: 34% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (19%), Kuwait (18%) and Italy (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Brazil (7%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
United States77 kt (est. 10%)Brazil51 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 6%)Libya44 kt (est. 6%)Mexico34 kt (est. 5%)Norway27 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria26 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins164 kt (est. 22%)Kuwait: no crude data137 kt (18%)Singapore: no crude data68 kt (9%)United States: no crude data47 kt (6%)Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)251 kt (34%)Netherlands146 kt (19%)Kuwait137 kt (18%)Italy99 kt (13%)Singapore68 kt (9%)United States47 kt (6%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply747 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Italy
- Singapore
- United States
- France
- United States77 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil51 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya44 kt (est. 6%)
- Mexico34 kt (est. 5%)
- Norway27 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria26 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins164 kt (est. 22%)
- Kuwait: no crude data137 kt (18%)
- Singapore: no crude data68 kt (9%)
- United States: no crude data47 kt (6%)
- Italy: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 250,716 | 33.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 145,598 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: road diesel supply | 136,790 | 18.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 99,021 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 68,061 | 9.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 46,809 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 136,790 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 80,314 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 68,061 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 46,809 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 43,300 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 40,225 | 40.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 40,219 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 38,651 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 33,088 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 32,592 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 24,729 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 22,070 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 19,504 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 18,894 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 17,792 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 14,921 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 12,706 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 12,345 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 11,201 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 10,349 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,675 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 4,010 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,417 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 3,073 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2,218 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain (own refineries) | 1,701 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 909 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 811 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 622 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3 | 24.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 1 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (136,790 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (68,061 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (46,809 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (12,345 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (11,201 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,073 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.