Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Spain's petrol supply was 897 kt: 78% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Brazil (13%) and Mexico (10%), and 14% cannot be traced.
Country
United States120 kt (est. 13%)Brazil115 kt (est. 13%)Mexico93 kt (est. 10%)Libya71 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria57 kt (est. 6%)Algeria55 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins212 kt (est. 24%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data37 kt (4%)Trinidad and Tobago: no crude data34 kt (4%)Angola: no crude data32 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports14 kt (2%)Origin not reported: crude unknown5.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)699 kt (78%)Saudi Arabia37 kt (4%)Trinidad and Tobago34 kt (4%)Angola32 kt (4%)Italy32 kt (4%)Netherlands27 kt (3%)France17 kt (2%)Lithuania7.6 kt (<1%)China3.0 kt (<1%)Romania1.7 kt (<1%)Portugal0.4 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported5.2 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply897 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Angola
- Italy
- Netherlands
- France
- Lithuania
- Other (4)
- United States120 kt (est. 13%)
- Brazil115 kt (est. 13%)
- Mexico93 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya71 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria57 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria55 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins212 kt (est. 24%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data37 kt (4%)
- Trinidad and Tobago: no crude data34 kt (4%)
- Angola: no crude data32 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports14 kt (2%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown5.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 698,963 | 78.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: petrol supply | 36,850 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Spain: petrol supply | 33,680 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Angola | Spain: petrol supply | 32,387 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 32,230 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 27,322 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Spain: petrol supply | 17,301 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Spain: petrol supply | 7,569 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Spain: petrol supply | 5,217 | 0.6% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| China | Spain: petrol supply | 3,005 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Spain: petrol supply | 1,728 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 176,426 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 112,125 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 107,755 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 92,244 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 61,528 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 52,674 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 52,220 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 36,850 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 35,423 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Trinidad and Tobago: no crude data | Trinidad and Tobago | 33,680 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Angola: no crude data | Angola | 32,387 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 12,783 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 12,766 | 46.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 8,567 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 6,348 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 6,138 | 81.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,116 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 5,217 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,857 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 4,018 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3,822 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,441 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,339 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | China | 3,005 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | France | 2,915 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,196 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,102 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,044 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,942 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,847 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 1,545 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,305 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 885 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 833 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 687 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 641 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 512 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 444 | 25.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 435 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 416 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Lithuania | 308 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 304 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 296 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 264 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 239 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 217 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 152 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 147 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal | 83 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 60 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 47 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 33 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 27 | 6.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (36,850 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Trinidad and Tobago: no crude data (33,680 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Angola: no crude data (32,387 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (13,982 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (5,217 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,005 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,319 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (5,217 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.