Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Spain's petrol supply was 1,178 kt: 73% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (7%) and Türkiye (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (12%), Brazil (10%) and Mexico (9%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
United States146 kt (est. 12%)Brazil113 kt (est. 10%)Mexico111 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria109 kt (est. 9%)Libya96 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia62 kt (est. 5%)Algeria57 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins274 kt (est. 23%)Türkiye: no crude data73 kt (6%)United States: no crude data43 kt (4%)Israel: no crude data38 kt (3%)Nigeria: no crude data35 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports16 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)864 kt (73%)Italy87 kt (7%)Türkiye73 kt (6%)United States43 kt (4%)Israel38 kt (3%)Nigeria35 kt (3%)France22 kt (2%)Lithuania8.4 kt (<1%)Ghana3.2 kt (<1%)Netherlands3.2 kt (<1%)Other suppliers1.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply1.18 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Türkiye
- United States
- Israel
- Nigeria
- France
- Lithuania
- Other (4)
- United States146 kt (est. 12%)
- Brazil113 kt (est. 10%)
- Mexico111 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria109 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya96 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia62 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria57 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins274 kt (est. 23%)
- Türkiye: no crude data73 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data43 kt (4%)
- Israel: no crude data38 kt (3%)
- Nigeria: no crude data35 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports16 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 864,316 | 73.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 87,427 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: petrol supply | 72,700 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: petrol supply | 43,104 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Spain: petrol supply | 37,639 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Spain: petrol supply | 34,619 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Spain: petrol supply | 22,055 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Spain: petrol supply | 8,400 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Ghana | Spain: petrol supply | 3,179 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 3,153 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Spain: petrol supply | 1,277 | 0.1% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 218,344 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 135,777 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 110,007 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 109,407 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 101,902 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 75,316 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 72,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 53,542 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 53,072 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 43,104 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 40,988 | 46.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 37,639 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 34,619 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 17,811 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 9,218 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 8,067 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 6,949 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 5,337 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,965 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,842 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 4,762 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 4,569 | 54.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Ghana | 3,179 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil | Italy | 2,960 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2,809 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 2,447 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2,324 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 1,976 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,764 | 55.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 1,253 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1,039 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 813 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Italy | 694 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 692 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 633 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 616 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 365 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 262 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 247 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 187 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 175 | 37.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 130 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 96 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 87 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 77 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 54 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 46 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 7 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (72,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (43,104 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (37,639 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (34,619 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (16,304 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,992 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (627 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.