Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Spain's petrol supply was 1,069 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (15%), Nigeria (10%) and Mexico (10%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
United States161 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria106 kt (est. 10%)Mexico106 kt (est. 10%)Brazil102 kt (est. 10%)Libya86 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia64 kt (est. 6%)Algeria54 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins271 kt (est. 25%)Israel: no crude data50 kt (5%)Spain: crude not from imports20 kt (2%)Algeria: no crude data12 kt (1%)Georgia: no crude data12 kt (1%)Brazil: no crude data11 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)842 kt (79%)Italy86 kt (8%)Israel50 kt (5%)France35 kt (3%)Algeria12 kt (1%)Georgia12 kt (1%)Brazil11 kt (1%)Lithuania8.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands8.0 kt (<1%)United Kingdom4.8 kt (<1%)Portugal0.4 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply1.07 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Israel
- France
- Algeria
- Georgia
- Brazil
- Lithuania
- Other (3)
- United States161 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria106 kt (est. 10%)
- Mexico106 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil102 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya86 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia64 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria54 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins271 kt (est. 25%)
- Israel: no crude data50 kt (5%)
- Spain: crude not from imports20 kt (2%)
- Algeria: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Georgia: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Brazil: no crude data11 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 841,516 | 78.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 86,074 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Spain: petrol supply | 49,558 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Spain: petrol supply | 35,159 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Spain: petrol supply | 12,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Georgia | Spain: petrol supply | 11,865 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Spain: petrol supply | 11,026 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Spain: petrol supply | 8,377 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 8,043 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: petrol supply | 4,846 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 212,115 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 145,671 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 105,537 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 96,594 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 96,526 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 64,408 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 53,193 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 49,558 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 47,808 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 36,027 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Spain: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 19,665 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 18,498 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 13,384 | 38.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 12,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Georgia: no crude data | Georgia | 11,865 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Brazil: no crude data | Brazil | 11,026 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 7,690 | 8.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 7,301 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 6,773 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 6,146 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 5,094 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 4,846 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,522 | 56.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 4,412 | 52.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 3,987 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3,818 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3,149 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 3,048 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 2,913 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2,048 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Italy | 1,860 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1,528 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,516 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 917 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 777 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 590 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | France | 584 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 455 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 433 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 198 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 183 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 77 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 58 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal | 56 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 33 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 11 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Israel: no crude data (49,558 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Spain: crude not from imports (19,665 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Algeria: no crude data (12,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Georgia: no crude data (11,865 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Brazil: no crude data (11,026 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,749 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,846 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,023 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.