Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Spain's jet fuel supply was 422 kt: 10% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from India (27%), Qatar (23%) and Nigeria (15%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 88% cannot be traced.
Country
United States7.9 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria5.7 kt (est. 1%)Brazil5.2 kt (est. 1%)Mexico5.0 kt (est. 1%)Libya3.0 kt (est. <1%)Saudi Arabia2.8 kt (est. <1%)Algeria2.7 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 4%)India: no crude data114 kt (27%)Qatar: no crude data97 kt (23%)Nigeria: no crude data63 kt (15%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data40 kt (9%)Kuwait: no crude data24 kt (6%)China: no crude data23 kt (5%)Malaysia: no crude data11 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)43 kt (10%)India114 kt (27%)Qatar97 kt (23%)Nigeria63 kt (15%)United Arab Emirates40 kt (9%)Kuwait24 kt (6%)China23 kt (5%)Malaysia11 kt (3%)Belgium6.4 kt (2%)Spain: jet fuel supply422 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- India
- Qatar
- Nigeria
- Spain (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- China
- Malaysia
- Other (1)
- United States7.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria5.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Brazil5.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Mexico5.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Libya3.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Saudi Arabia2.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Algeria2.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 4%)
- India: no crude data114 kt (27%)
- Qatar: no crude data97 kt (23%)
- Nigeria: no crude data63 kt (15%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data40 kt (9%)
- Kuwait: no crude data24 kt (6%)
- China: no crude data23 kt (5%)
- Malaysia: no crude data11 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Spain: jet fuel supply | 114,495 | 27.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Spain: jet fuel supply | 97,309 | 23.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Spain: jet fuel supply | 62,738 | 14.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 43,014 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: jet fuel supply | 39,893 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Spain: jet fuel supply | 23,687 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Spain: jet fuel supply | 22,915 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malaysia | Spain: jet fuel supply | 11,202 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: jet fuel supply | 6,399 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 114,495 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 97,309 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 62,738 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 39,893 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 23,687 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 22,915 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 12,350 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Malaysia: no crude data | Malaysia | 11,202 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 7,072 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 5,387 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 4,930 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 4,784 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 4,292 | 67.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 2,969 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 2,809 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 2,713 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 804 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 493 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 378 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 290 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 70 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 42 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Belgium | 31 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (114,495 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Qatar: no crude data (97,309 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (62,738 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (39,893 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (23,687 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (22,915 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malaysia: no crude data (11,202 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (493 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (42 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.