Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Spain's petrol supply was 1,053 kt: 81% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Nigeria (11%) and Brazil (10%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
United States146 kt (est. 14%)Nigeria111 kt (est. 11%)Brazil102 kt (est. 10%)Mexico98 kt (est. 9%)Libya60 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia59 kt (est. 6%)Algeria58 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins262 kt (est. 25%)United Kingdom: no crude data47 kt (4%)Israel: no crude data34 kt (3%)Libya: no crude data25 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data22 kt (2%)Cyprus: no refinery14 kt (1%)Türkiye: no crude data12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)856 kt (81%)United Kingdom47 kt (4%)Israel34 kt (3%)Libya25 kt (2%)France17 kt (2%)Cyprus14 kt (1%)Türkiye12 kt (1%)Portugal12 kt (1%)Gabon9.6 kt (<1%)Lithuania8.4 kt (<1%)Other suppliers18 kt (2%)Spain: petrol supply1.05 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Israel
- Libya
- France
- Cyprus
- Türkiye
- Portugal
- Other (5)
- United States146 kt (est. 14%)
- Nigeria111 kt (est. 11%)
- Brazil102 kt (est. 10%)
- Mexico98 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya60 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia59 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria58 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins262 kt (est. 25%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data47 kt (4%)
- Israel: no crude data34 kt (3%)
- Libya: no crude data25 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data22 kt (2%)
- Cyprus: no refinery14 kt (1%)
- Türkiye: no crude data12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 855,636 | 81.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: petrol supply | 47,112 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Spain: petrol supply | 34,314 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain: petrol supply | 24,970 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Spain: petrol supply | 17,844 | 1.7% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| France | Spain: petrol supply | 16,677 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Cyprus | Spain: petrol supply | 14,067 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: petrol supply | 12,267 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Spain: petrol supply | 12,078 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Gabon | Spain: petrol supply | 9,574 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Spain: petrol supply | 8,390 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 245,666 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 140,676 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 107,160 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 98,076 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 95,158 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 59,058 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 55,883 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 53,959 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 47,112 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 34,314 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 24,970 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Cyprus: no refinery | Cyprus | 14,067 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 12,803 | 200.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 12,267 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Gabon | 9,574 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7,352 | 44.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 6,104 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 4,146 | 49.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,905 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 3,071 | 36.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2,910 | 57.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 1,886 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 1,589 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,562 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal | 1,554 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1,216 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 1,173 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 1,065 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 987 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 807 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 632 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 483 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 481 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 377 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 312 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 292 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 138 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 87 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 57 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's petrol to Spain split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (47,112 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (34,314 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (24,970 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (22,377 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Cyprus: no refinery (14,067 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Türkiye: no crude data (12,267 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (515 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (399 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.