Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 615 kt: 43% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (19%), Singapore (17%) and the Netherlands (16%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Libya (7%) and Nigeria (7%), and 23% cannot be traced.
Country
United States79 kt (est. 13%)Libya43 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria42 kt (est. 7%)Brazil42 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan37 kt (est. 6%)Norway29 kt (est. 5%)Iraq27 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins173 kt (est. 28%)Singapore: no crude data107 kt (17%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data10.0 kt (2%)India: no crude data9.3 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports8.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)264 kt (43%)Italy115 kt (19%)Singapore107 kt (17%)Netherlands97 kt (16%)Belgium11 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia10.0 kt (2%)India9.3 kt (2%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply615 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Singapore
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- France
- United States79 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya43 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria42 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil42 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan37 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway29 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq27 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins173 kt (est. 28%)
- Singapore: no crude data107 kt (17%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data10.0 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data9.3 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports8.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 264,345 | 43.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 115,162 | 18.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 107,044 | 17.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: road diesel supply | 97,269 | 15.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: road diesel supply | 11,437 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 9,984 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 9,332 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 116,279 | 44.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 107,044 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 41,686 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 36,875 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 29,470 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 28,279 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 28,176 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 21,278 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 20,341 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 18,252 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 17,139 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 15,168 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 14,670 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 13,685 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 10,891 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 10,335 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 9,984 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 9,332 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 8,493 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 8,140 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 7,837 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5,688 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,644 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 5,355 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,561 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 3,342 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain (own refineries) | 3,303 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,914 | 25.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,652 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,075 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 1,514 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,375 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,346 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 937 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 928 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 405 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 134 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 25 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 20 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 2 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (107,044 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (9,984 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (9,332 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (8,493 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,581 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,649 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.