Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Spain's jet fuel supply was 175 kt: 18% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Nigeria (24%), India (16%) and Egypt (15%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 79% cannot be traced.
Country
United States6.0 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria3.7 kt (est. 2%)Brazil3.5 kt (est. 2%)Mexico3.3 kt (est. 2%)Canada3.1 kt (est. 2%)Iraq2.5 kt (est. 1%)Kazakhstan2.5 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria: no crude data42 kt (24%)India: no crude data28 kt (16%)Egypt: no crude data27 kt (15%)Libya: no crude data25 kt (14%)China: no crude data10 kt (6%)Morocco: no crude data4.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)31 kt (18%)Nigeria42 kt (24%)India28 kt (16%)Egypt27 kt (15%)Libya25 kt (14%)China10 kt (6%)Netherlands6.3 kt (4%)Morocco4.3 kt (2%)Spain: jet fuel supply175 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Nigeria
- Spain (own refineries)
- India
- Egypt
- Libya
- China
- Netherlands
- Morocco
- United States6.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria3.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil3.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Mexico3.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Canada3.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq2.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Kazakhstan2.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria: no crude data42 kt (24%)
- India: no crude data28 kt (16%)
- Egypt: no crude data27 kt (15%)
- Libya: no crude data25 kt (14%)
- China: no crude data10 kt (6%)
- Morocco: no crude data4.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigeria | Spain: jet fuel supply | 42,400 | 24.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 31,084 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| India | Spain: jet fuel supply | 28,274 | 16.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: jet fuel supply | 27,069 | 15.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain: jet fuel supply | 24,961 | 14.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Spain: jet fuel supply | 10,498 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: jet fuel supply | 6,261 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Morocco | Spain: jet fuel supply | 4,277 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 42,400 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 28,274 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 27,069 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 24,961 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 10,498 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 10,169 | 32.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 4,569 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Morocco: no crude data | Morocco | 4,277 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 3,325 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 3,206 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 3,189 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain (own refineries) | 2,828 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 2,144 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,924 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 1,544 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,397 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 917 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 448 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 404 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 367 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 350 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Netherlands | 229 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 224 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 109 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Nigeria: no crude data (42,400 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (28,274 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (27,069 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (24,961 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (10,498 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Morocco: no crude data (4,277 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (404 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (334 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.