Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Spain's road diesel supply was 670 kt: 33% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Singapore (27%), Italy (11%) and India (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (7%), and 58% cannot be traced.
Country
United States44 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria29 kt (est. 4%)Libya29 kt (est. 4%)Mexico26 kt (est. 4%)Brazil24 kt (est. 4%)Iraq20 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins91 kt (est. 14%)Singapore: no crude data178 kt (27%)India: no crude data64 kt (10%)Barbados: no crude data43 kt (6%)Oman: no crude data40 kt (6%)Togo: no crude data37 kt (6%)United States: no crude data15 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports8.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)220 kt (33%)Singapore178 kt (27%)Italy72 kt (11%)India64 kt (10%)Barbados43 kt (6%)Oman40 kt (6%)Togo37 kt (6%)United States15 kt (2%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply670 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Singapore
- Italy
- India
- Barbados
- Oman
- Togo
- United States
- Other (1)
- United States44 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria29 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya29 kt (est. 4%)
- Mexico26 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil24 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq20 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins91 kt (est. 14%)
- Singapore: no crude data178 kt (27%)
- India: no crude data64 kt (10%)
- Barbados: no crude data43 kt (6%)
- Oman: no crude data40 kt (6%)
- Togo: no crude data37 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data15 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports8.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 220,477 | 32.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 178,021 | 26.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 71,853 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: road diesel supply | 64,227 | 9.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Barbados | Spain: road diesel supply | 42,583 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Oman | Spain: road diesel supply | 40,000 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Togo | Spain: road diesel supply | 37,462 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 15,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 178,021 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 70,597 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 64,227 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Barbados: no crude data | Barbados | 42,583 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 40,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Togo: no crude data | Togo | 37,462 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 35,120 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 26,500 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 26,033 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 23,144 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 20,664 | 28.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 16,572 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 15,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 14,279 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 12,515 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 10,743 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 8,501 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 8,277 | 11.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 6,805 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,990 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,800 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 1,546 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,140 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,104 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3 | 37.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 0 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 0 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (178,021 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (64,227 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Barbados: no crude data (42,583 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (40,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Togo: no crude data (37,462 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (15,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (8,277 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,546 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,140 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.