Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Spain's jet fuel supply was 140 kt: 27% from its own refineries, with imports from Saudi Arabia (44%) and Greece (29%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (14%), Kazakhstan (8%) and Libya (6%), and 45% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq20 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan12 kt (est. 8%)Libya8.8 kt (est. 6%)United States6.0 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia4.6 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria4.5 kt (est. 3%)Mexico4.4 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 12%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data61 kt (44%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (1%)Spain (own refineries)37 kt (27%)Saudi Arabia61 kt (44%)Greece41 kt (29%)Spain: jet fuel supply140 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Spain (own refineries)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: jet fuel supply | 61,495 | 44.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: jet fuel supply | 40,795 | 29.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 37,429 | 26.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 61,495 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 17,339 | 42.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 13,867 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 9,719 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 6,635 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 5,962 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 4,499 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 4,420 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,430 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,529 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 2,424 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 2,125 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 2,047 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 1,824 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 1,143 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 262 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (61,495 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,405 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.