Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2026, Spain's petrol supply was 1,115 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (6%) and Portugal (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (12%), Nigeria (11%) and Brazil (10%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States139 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria119 kt (est. 11%)Brazil114 kt (est. 10%)Mexico112 kt (est. 10%)Libya77 kt (est. 7%)Algeria71 kt (est. 6%)Iraq61 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins316 kt (est. 28%)India: no crude data32 kt (3%)United Kingdom: no crude data25 kt (2%)Türkiye: no crude data24 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data9.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)862 kt (77%)Italy72 kt (6%)Portugal59 kt (5%)India32 kt (3%)United Kingdom25 kt (2%)Türkiye24 kt (2%)Lithuania16 kt (1%)Netherlands15 kt (1%)Singapore9.5 kt (<1%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply1.12 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Italy
- Portugal
- India
- United Kingdom
- Türkiye
- Lithuania
- Netherlands
- Other (2)
- United States139 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria119 kt (est. 11%)
- Brazil114 kt (est. 10%)
- Mexico112 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya77 kt (est. 7%)
- Algeria71 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq61 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins316 kt (est. 28%)
- India: no crude data32 kt (3%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data25 kt (2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data24 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data9.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 862,238 | 77.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 72,406 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal | Spain: petrol supply | 59,250 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Spain: petrol supply | 32,122 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: petrol supply | 24,613 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: petrol supply | 24,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Spain: petrol supply | 16,100 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 14,902 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: petrol supply | 9,530 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 257,766 | 29.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 125,077 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 115,864 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 111,802 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 85,855 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 59,580 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 53,800 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 52,495 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 32,122 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 27,381 | 37.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 26,706 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 24,613 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 24,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 17,743 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 15,511 | 96.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal | 15,409 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 9,530 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 8,800 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 7,208 | 10.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,755 | 45.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 6,432 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 6,363 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 4,787 | 8.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,850 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 3,549 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 2,779 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 2,354 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,816 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,322 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,094 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 833 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 779 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Lithuania | 589 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 328 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 163 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 77 | 33.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 61 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 55 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 51 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 26 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 22 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 15 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 14 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 7 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2026-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-11 to 2026-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (32,122 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (24,613 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (24,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (12,002 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (9,530 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,651 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.