Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Spain's jet fuel supply was 246 kt: 19% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (17%), the United States (17%) and Türkiye (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (7%), and 68% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq17 kt (est. 7%)Libya9.7 kt (est. 4%)Kazakhstan8.0 kt (est. 3%)United States7.1 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria6.5 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia4.7 kt (est. 2%)Brazil4.6 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins21 kt (est. 9%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data41 kt (17%)United States: no crude data41 kt (17%)Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (13%)Egypt: no crude data27 kt (11%)Libya: no crude data25 kt (10%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)48 kt (19%)United Arab Emirates41 kt (17%)United States41 kt (17%)Türkiye33 kt (13%)Greece31 kt (13%)Egypt27 kt (11%)Libya25 kt (10%)Spain: jet fuel supply246 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- United States
- Türkiye
- Greece
- Egypt
- Libya
- Iraq17 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya9.7 kt (est. 4%)
- Kazakhstan8.0 kt (est. 3%)
- United States7.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria6.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia4.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil4.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins21 kt (est. 9%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data41 kt (17%)
- United States: no crude data41 kt (17%)
- Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (13%)
- Egypt: no crude data27 kt (11%)
- Libya: no crude data25 kt (10%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 47,756 | 19.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: jet fuel supply | 41,298 | 16.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: jet fuel supply | 40,687 | 16.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: jet fuel supply | 32,733 | 13.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: jet fuel supply | 31,012 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: jet fuel supply | 27,467 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain: jet fuel supply | 24,977 | 10.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 41,298 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 40,687 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 32,733 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 27,467 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 24,977 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 16,909 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 13,155 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 7,084 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 6,463 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,044 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,296 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 4,564 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 4,440 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4,143 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 3,783 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 2,547 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,163 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 1,965 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 211 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (41,298 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (40,687 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (32,733 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (27,467 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (24,977 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (211 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.