Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Spain's petrol supply was 784 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Kingdom (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (13%), Nigeria (12%) and Libya (9%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
United States105 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria93 kt (est. 12%)Libya72 kt (est. 9%)Brazil65 kt (est. 8%)Mexico65 kt (est. 8%)Iraq57 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia49 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins234 kt (est. 30%)United Kingdom: no crude data42 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)673 kt (86%)United Kingdom42 kt (5%)Italy35 kt (5%)Lithuania21 kt (3%)Romania5.0 kt (<1%)Belgium4.9 kt (<1%)Netherlands2.9 kt (<1%)Portugal0.3 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply784 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Lithuania
- Romania
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Portugal
- Other (1)
- United States105 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria93 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya72 kt (est. 9%)
- Brazil65 kt (est. 8%)
- Mexico65 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq57 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia49 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins234 kt (est. 30%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data42 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 672,547 | 85.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: petrol supply | 41,905 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 35,395 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Spain: petrol supply | 20,975 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Spain: petrol supply | 5,005 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: petrol supply | 4,874 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 2,915 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 201,958 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 99,771 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 91,013 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 64,279 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 63,842 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 62,531 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 53,279 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 41,905 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 35,874 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 13,191 | 37.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 10,646 | 50.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 10,231 | 48.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 9,617 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 3,571 | 71.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,158 | 64.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,993 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,834 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,642 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,336 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,276 | 25.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,089 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,048 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 1,028 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 890 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 739 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 647 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 464 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 370 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 211 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 199 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 197 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 182 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 175 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 158 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 154 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 122 | 37.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 99 | 38.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 98 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 93 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 82 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 41 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 38 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 29 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 29 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 15 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 15 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 12 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 10 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 6 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 4 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 4 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 3 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal | 2 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (41,905 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,481 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,104 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.