Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Spain's jet fuel supply was 279 kt: 21% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (24%), Greece (24%) and Türkiye (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (10%) and Libya (7%), and 53% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq29 kt (est. 10%)Libya19 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 4%)United States9.1 kt (est. 3%)Norway9.0 kt (est. 3%)Nigeria7.4 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins36 kt (est. 13%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data68 kt (24%)Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (12%)Egypt: no crude data30 kt (11%)China: no crude data16 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)60 kt (21%)United Arab Emirates68 kt (24%)Greece66 kt (24%)Türkiye33 kt (12%)Egypt30 kt (11%)China16 kt (6%)Belgium6.5 kt (2%)Spain: jet fuel supply279 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Arab Emirates
- Greece
- Spain (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Egypt
- China
- Belgium
- Iraq29 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya19 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 4%)
- United States9.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway9.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Nigeria7.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins36 kt (est. 13%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data68 kt (24%)
- Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (12%)
- Egypt: no crude data30 kt (11%)
- China: no crude data16 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates | Spain: jet fuel supply | 68,122 | 24.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: jet fuel supply | 66,188 | 23.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 59,592 | 21.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Spain: jet fuel supply | 32,768 | 11.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: jet fuel supply | 29,940 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Spain: jet fuel supply | 16,262 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: jet fuel supply | 6,459 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 68,122 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 32,768 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 29,940 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 28,509 | 47.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 24,723 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 16,262 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Greece | 11,582 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 10,377 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 7,823 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 7,236 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 7,113 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 6,814 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 6,565 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,706 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 3,943 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 2,884 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,403 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 2,217 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,352 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,278 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 623 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 452 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 288 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 197 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 155 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (68,122 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (32,768 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (29,940 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (16,262 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (288 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.