Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Spain's petrol supply was 890 kt: 93% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (12%), Libya (12%) and Nigeria (11%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
United States110 kt (est. 12%)Libya105 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria95 kt (est. 11%)Mexico92 kt (est. 10%)Brazil85 kt (est. 10%)Iraq56 kt (est. 6%)Canada46 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins266 kt (est. 30%)United Kingdom: no crude data27 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)826 kt (93%)United Kingdom27 kt (3%)Italy23 kt (3%)Lithuania8.0 kt (<1%)Romania4.9 kt (<1%)France0.4 kt (<1%)Portugal0.3 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply890 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Lithuania
- Romania
- France
- Portugal
- United States110 kt (est. 12%)
- Libya105 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria95 kt (est. 11%)
- Mexico92 kt (est. 10%)
- Brazil85 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq56 kt (est. 6%)
- Canada46 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins266 kt (est. 30%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data27 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 826,258 | 92.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Spain: petrol supply | 27,435 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 23,013 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Lithuania | Spain: petrol supply | 7,998 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Spain: petrol supply | 4,936 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 244,564 | 29.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 108,467 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 98,619 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 94,481 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 91,392 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 84,066 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 54,678 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Spain (own refineries) | 46,003 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 27,435 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 10,024 | 43.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Lithuania | 7,873 | 98.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Lithuania's petrol to Spain split by Lithuania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 6,244 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain (own refineries) | 3,989 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 3,500 | 70.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 1,699 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,527 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,417 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,251 | 25.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Italy | 670 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 558 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | Italy | 324 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 320 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 230 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 202 | 62.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 185 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's petrol to Spain split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Lithuania | 125 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | France | 121 | 33.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 117 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 64 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 44 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 35 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 25 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 25 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 21 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 16 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Canada | France | 12 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (27,435 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,893 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (234 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.