Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Spain's jet fuel supply was 311 kt: 21% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Nigeria (27%), the United States (18%) and Greece (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (7%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 57% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya22 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan16 kt (est. 5%)Iraq14 kt (est. 5%)United States13 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 3%)Mexico8.7 kt (est. 3%)Brazil7.9 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins40 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria: no crude data84 kt (27%)United States: no crude data55 kt (18%)Algeria: no crude data33 kt (11%)China: no crude data6.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)66 kt (21%)Nigeria84 kt (27%)United States55 kt (18%)Greece40 kt (13%)Algeria33 kt (11%)Italy27 kt (9%)China6.6 kt (2%)Spain: jet fuel supply311 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Nigeria
- Spain (own refineries)
- United States
- Greece
- Algeria
- Italy
- China
- Libya22 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan16 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq14 kt (est. 5%)
- United States13 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico8.7 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil7.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins40 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria: no crude data84 kt (27%)
- United States: no crude data55 kt (18%)
- Algeria: no crude data33 kt (11%)
- China: no crude data6.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigeria | Spain: jet fuel supply | 83,906 | 27.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 65,639 | 21.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Spain: jet fuel supply | 54,717 | 17.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: jet fuel supply | 39,916 | 12.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Spain: jet fuel supply | 32,952 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: jet fuel supply | 26,902 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Spain: jet fuel supply | 6,618 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 83,906 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 54,717 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Algeria: no crude data | Algeria | 32,952 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 23,278 | 35.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 10,930 | 27.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 9,344 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 8,376 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 8,325 | 30.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 8,297 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 7,930 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 7,721 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 7,345 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,221 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 6,659 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 6,618 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 4,846 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 4,149 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,697 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 3,125 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,459 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,414 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain (own refineries) | 2,301 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 1,254 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,025 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 894 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 506 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 360 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Nigeria: no crude data (83,906 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (54,717 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Algeria: no crude data (32,952 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (6,618 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (360 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.