Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Spain's petrol supply was 920 kt: 98% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Libya (13%) and Mexico (12%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
United States131 kt (est. 14%)Libya117 kt (est. 13%)Mexico107 kt (est. 12%)Brazil102 kt (est. 11%)Nigeria84 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 6%)Algeria56 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins262 kt (est. 28%)Origin not reported: crude unknown3.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)906 kt (98%)Netherlands5.0 kt (<1%)Italy4.5 kt (<1%)Portugal0.4 kt (<1%)France0.3 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported3.8 kt (<1%)Spain: petrol supply920 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Italy
- Portugal
- France
- Other (1)
- United States131 kt (est. 14%)
- Libya117 kt (est. 13%)
- Mexico107 kt (est. 12%)
- Brazil102 kt (est. 11%)
- Nigeria84 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria56 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins262 kt (est. 28%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown3.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: petrol supply | 906,267 | 98.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Spain: petrol supply | 5,038 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: petrol supply | 4,485 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Spain: petrol supply | 3,817 | 0.4% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 257,441 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 129,008 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 115,641 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 106,603 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 101,415 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 83,288 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 57,281 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain (own refineries) | 55,589 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 3,817 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,347 | 46.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,687 | 37.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 1,204 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,020 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 616 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 501 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 430 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Italy | 402 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 309 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 260 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal | 257 | 57.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 171 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 139 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 121 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 98 | 28.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 97 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 95 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 84 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 60 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal | 53 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 53 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 50 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal | 47 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal | 44 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 37 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal | 31 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 29 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 21 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 19 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal | 15 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Spain split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 13 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 7 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of petrol in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (3,817 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (437 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (60 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (3,817 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.