Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Spain's road diesel supply was 528 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Morocco (14%), Italy (11%) and Saudi Arabia (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (9%), the United States (8%) and Mexico (7%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya47 kt (est. 9%)United States40 kt (est. 8%)Mexico39 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 6%)Brazil33 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria24 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia18 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins97 kt (est. 18%)Morocco: no crude data73 kt (14%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data45 kt (9%)United States: no crude data40 kt (8%)Singapore: no crude data36 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)273 kt (52%)Morocco73 kt (14%)Italy58 kt (11%)Saudi Arabia45 kt (9%)United States40 kt (8%)Singapore36 kt (7%)Belgium3.9 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Spain: road diesel supply528 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Morocco
- Italy
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Singapore
- Belgium
- France
- Libya47 kt (est. 9%)
- United States40 kt (est. 8%)
- Mexico39 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil33 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria24 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia18 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins97 kt (est. 18%)
- Morocco: no crude data73 kt (14%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data45 kt (9%)
- United States: no crude data40 kt (8%)
- Singapore: no crude data36 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 272,704 | 51.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Morocco | Spain: road diesel supply | 72,631 | 13.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 57,570 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: road diesel supply | 45,077 | 8.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 40,197 | 7.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 35,686 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: road diesel supply | 3,880 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 77,170 | 28.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Morocco: no crude data | Morocco | 72,631 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 45,077 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 40,197 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 37,644 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 35,686 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 34,011 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 32,803 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 31,117 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 23,413 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 23,390 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 17,649 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 14,308 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 13,155 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 9,165 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,824 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 4,442 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,728 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,371 | 61.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,572 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 1,012 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 870 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 529 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 516 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 234 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 99 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 57 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 45 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 28 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 0 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 0 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Spain split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Morocco: no crude data (72,631 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (45,077 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (40,197 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Singapore: no crude data (35,686 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,728 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (28 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.