Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Spain's jet fuel supply was 298 kt: 19% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (20%), the United States (11%) and Nigeria (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (6%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 60% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya19 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan17 kt (est. 6%)United States14 kt (est. 5%)Mexico8.4 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia8.0 kt (est. 3%)Brazil7.6 kt (est. 3%)Iraq7.3 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins38 kt (est. 13%)Türkiye: no crude data60 kt (20%)United States: no crude data34 kt (11%)Nigeria: no crude data32 kt (11%)China: no crude data27 kt (9%)Libya: no crude data25 kt (8%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)57 kt (19%)Türkiye60 kt (20%)United States34 kt (11%)Nigeria32 kt (11%)Greece32 kt (11%)China27 kt (9%)Italy26 kt (9%)Libya25 kt (8%)Netherlands4.8 kt (2%)Spain: jet fuel supply298 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Türkiye
- Spain (own refineries)
- United States
- Nigeria
- Greece
- China
- Italy
- Libya
- Other (1)
- Libya19 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan17 kt (est. 6%)
- United States14 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico8.4 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia8.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil7.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq7.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins38 kt (est. 13%)
- Türkiye: no crude data60 kt (20%)
- United States: no crude data34 kt (11%)
- Nigeria: no crude data32 kt (11%)
- China: no crude data27 kt (9%)
- Libya: no crude data25 kt (8%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye | Spain: jet fuel supply | 59,925 | 20.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 57,413 | 19.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Spain: jet fuel supply | 33,594 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Spain: jet fuel supply | 32,091 | 10.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Spain: jet fuel supply | 31,880 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| China | Spain: jet fuel supply | 26,819 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: jet fuel supply | 26,327 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain: jet fuel supply | 25,010 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Spain: jet fuel supply | 4,843 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 59,925 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 33,594 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria: no crude data | Nigeria | 32,091 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| China: no crude data | China | 26,819 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya: no crude data | Libya | 25,010 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 21,171 | 36.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 7,944 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 7,925 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 7,161 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,950 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 6,906 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 6,739 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 6,641 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 6,551 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 6,543 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,325 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 4,929 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,191 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 3,130 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,096 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's jet fuel to Spain split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain (own refineries) | 2,770 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 2,663 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,213 | 45.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,032 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,247 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,187 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 719 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 525 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 463 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's jet fuel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 461 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 352 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 341 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 119 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 87 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 47 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 37 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Spain split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (59,925 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (33,594 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Nigeria: no crude data (32,091 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (26,819 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Libya: no crude data (25,010 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,247 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (341 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.