Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Spain's jet fuel supply was 327 kt: 15% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (31%), Saudi Arabia (20%) and Türkiye (19%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 84% cannot be traced.
Country
United States7.9 kt (est. 2%)Mexico6.3 kt (est. 2%)Libya5.5 kt (est. 2%)Kazakhstan5.3 kt (est. 2%)Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 2%)Brazil4.5 kt (est. 1%)Venezuela3.1 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins16 kt (est. 5%)United States: no crude data100 kt (31%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data64 kt (20%)Türkiye: no crude data63 kt (19%)Oman: no crude data36 kt (11%)China: no crude data10.0 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)48 kt (15%)United States100 kt (31%)Saudi Arabia64 kt (20%)Türkiye63 kt (19%)Oman36 kt (11%)China10.0 kt (3%)Belgium6.0 kt (2%)Spain: jet fuel supply327 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United States
- Saudi Arabia
- Türkiye
- Spain (own refineries)
- Oman
- China
- Belgium
- United States7.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Mexico6.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya5.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Kazakhstan5.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Nigeria5.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Brazil4.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Venezuela3.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins16 kt (est. 5%)
- United States: no crude data100 kt (31%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data64 kt (20%)
- Türkiye: no crude data63 kt (19%)
- Oman: no crude data36 kt (11%)
- China: no crude data10.0 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Spain: jet fuel supply | 100,318 | 30.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain: jet fuel supply | 64,389 | 19.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Spain: jet fuel supply | 62,746 | 19.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: jet fuel supply | 47,694 | 14.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Oman | Spain: jet fuel supply | 36,251 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| China | Spain: jet fuel supply | 9,996 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: jet fuel supply | 5,998 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 100,318 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 64,389 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 62,746 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 36,251 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 12,463 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| China: no crude data | China | 9,996 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 7,006 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 6,311 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 5,398 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 4,888 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 4,461 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 4,121 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 3,424 | 57.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain (own refineries) | 3,045 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 858 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 818 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 360 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 212 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 135 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 115 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Venezuela | Belgium | 75 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (100,318 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (64,389 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (62,746 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Oman: no crude data (36,251 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- China: no crude data (9,996 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (115 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.