Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Sweden's road diesel supply was 691 kt: 73% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Norway (9%), Denmark (8%) and Finland (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (49%), the United Kingdom (14%) and the United States (13%), and 13% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway338 kt (est. 49%)United Kingdom99 kt (est. 14%)United States88 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria38 kt (est. 6%)Libya21 kt (est. 3%)Brazil9.8 kt (est. 1%)Iraq3.6 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins3.8 kt (est. <1%)Norway: no crude data60 kt (9%)Denmark: crude not from imports21 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.0 kt (<1%)Sweden (own refineries)504 kt (73%)Norway60 kt (9%)Denmark57 kt (8%)Finland39 kt (6%)Netherlands30 kt (4%)Sweden: road diesel supply691 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Sweden (own refineries)
- Norway
- Denmark
- Finland
- Netherlands
- Norway338 kt (est. 49%)
- United Kingdom99 kt (est. 14%)
- United States88 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria38 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya21 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil9.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq3.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins3.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway: no crude data60 kt (9%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports21 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2023)
3.6 thousand tonnes
est. <1% of Sweden's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported3.6 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Netherlands3.6 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden (own refineries) | Sweden: road diesel supply | 504,496 | 73.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Norway | Sweden: road diesel supply | 60,257 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Sweden: road diesel supply | 56,991 | 8.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Sweden: road diesel supply | 38,532 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden: road diesel supply | 30,471 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Sweden (own refineries) | 299,140 | 59.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden (own refineries) | 89,495 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 60,257 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Sweden (own refineries) | 53,158 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden (own refineries) | 35,104 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 28,333 | 73.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 23,041 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden (own refineries) | 21,408 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 20,772 | 36.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,462 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 6,458 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Sweden (own refineries) | 6,191 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 4,160 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 4,155 | 10.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 3,887 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,751 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,585 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 3,498 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,318 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 3,291 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Denmark | 2,560 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,483 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,580 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,487 | 4.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Finland | 1,173 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Sweden’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Norway: no crude data (60,257 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (20,772 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,155 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,047 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.