Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Sweden's road diesel supply was 692 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Finland (12%), Norway (9%) and Denmark (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (51%), the United States (14%) and the United Kingdom (8%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway355 kt (est. 51%)United States98 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom56 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria17 kt (est. 2%)Libya16 kt (est. 2%)Iraq4.8 kt (est. <1%)Brazil2.8 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins6.0 kt (est. <1%)Norway: no crude data62 kt (9%)Sweden: crude not from imports34 kt (5%)Denmark: crude not from imports23 kt (3%)Finland: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Sweden (own refineries)443 kt (64%)Finland82 kt (12%)Norway62 kt (9%)Denmark58 kt (8%)Netherlands46 kt (7%)Sweden: road diesel supply692 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Sweden (own refineries)
- Finland
- Norway
- Denmark
- Netherlands
- Norway355 kt (est. 51%)
- United States98 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom56 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria17 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya16 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq4.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil2.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins6.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway: no crude data62 kt (9%)
- Sweden: crude not from imports34 kt (5%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports23 kt (3%)
- Finland: crude not from imports12 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2023)
46.0 thousand tonnes
7% of Sweden's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States13 kt (est. 29%)
- Norway8.0 kt (est. 17%)
- United Kingdom6.6 kt (est. 14%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden (own refineries) | Sweden: road diesel supply | 443,420 | 64.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Finland | Sweden: road diesel supply | 82,259 | 11.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Sweden: road diesel supply | 62,331 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Denmark | Sweden: road diesel supply | 58,044 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden: road diesel supply | 46,037 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Sweden (own refineries) | 284,669 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 62,331 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Sweden (own refineries) | 57,656 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 50,742 | 61.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden (own refineries) | 37,788 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Sweden: crude not from imports | Sweden (own refineries) | 33,959 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 22,831 | 39.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 17,800 | 30.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden (own refineries) | 15,699 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden (own refineries) | 13,649 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 13,159 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Finland: crude not from imports | Finland | 12,088 | 14.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Denmark | 11,770 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 9,868 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 8,038 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 6,559 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 6,488 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,958 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 5,643 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 4,806 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,218 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 3,073 | 3.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,836 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,098 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 364 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Sweden’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Norway: no crude data (62,331 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Sweden: crude not from imports (33,959 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (22,831 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Finland: crude not from imports (12,088 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,172 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (364 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.