Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Sweden's road diesel supply was 791 kt: 69% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Denmark (10%), Finland (6%) and Norway (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (44%), the United Kingdom (14%) and the United States (13%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway348 kt (est. 44%)United Kingdom109 kt (est. 14%)United States100 kt (est. 13%)Nigeria61 kt (est. 8%)Libya32 kt (est. 4%)Brazil11 kt (est. 1%)Iraq3.7 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins6.6 kt (est. <1%)Norway: no crude data46 kt (6%)Denmark: crude not from imports22 kt (3%)Qatar: no crude data17 kt (2%)United States: no crude data17 kt (2%)Sweden: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Sweden (own refineries)542 kt (69%)Denmark83 kt (10%)Finland49 kt (6%)Norway46 kt (6%)Netherlands29 kt (4%)Qatar17 kt (2%)United States17 kt (2%)Belgium7.8 kt (<1%)Sweden: road diesel supply791 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Sweden (own refineries)
- Denmark
- Finland
- Norway
- Netherlands
- Qatar
- United States
- Belgium
- Norway348 kt (est. 44%)
- United Kingdom109 kt (est. 14%)
- United States100 kt (est. 13%)
- Nigeria61 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya32 kt (est. 4%)
- Brazil11 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq3.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins6.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Norway: no crude data46 kt (6%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports22 kt (3%)
- Qatar: no crude data17 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data17 kt (2%)
- Sweden: crude origin not reported12 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2023)
542.1 thousand tonnes
69% of Sweden's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Norway293 kt (est. 54%)
- United Kingdom97 kt (est. 18%)
- Nigeria52 kt (est. 10%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden (own refineries) | Sweden: road diesel supply | 542,081 | 68.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Denmark | Sweden: road diesel supply | 83,001 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Sweden: road diesel supply | 48,760 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Sweden: road diesel supply | 46,107 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden: road diesel supply | 29,427 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Qatar | Sweden: road diesel supply | 17,052 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Sweden: road diesel supply | 16,963 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Sweden: road diesel supply | 7,770 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Sweden (own refineries) | 292,670 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden (own refineries) | 96,773 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden (own refineries) | 51,805 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden (own refineries) | 50,703 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 46,107 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Finland | 43,256 | 88.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 38,464 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden (own refineries) | 32,046 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 21,889 | 26.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Qatar: no crude data | Qatar | 17,052 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 16,963 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Sweden: crude origin not reported | Sweden (own refineries) | 11,778 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,949 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 7,760 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 6,622 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Sweden (own refineries) | 6,306 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Denmark | 4,555 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 4,324 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Denmark | 3,711 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 3,238 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,174 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 3,142 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,040 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,706 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,231 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 1,977 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 1,937 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,854 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Finland | 1,468 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,403 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 970 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 929 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 690 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 638 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 492 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 396 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 122 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 20 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Sweden’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Norway: no crude data (46,107 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (21,889 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Qatar: no crude data (17,052 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (16,963 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Sweden: crude origin not reported (11,778 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,256 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (142 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.