Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Sweden's road diesel supply was 863 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Denmark (15%), the Netherlands (9%) and Norway (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (50%), the United States (10%) and the United Kingdom (9%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway432 kt (est. 50%)United States90 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom80 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria64 kt (est. 7%)Angola18 kt (est. 2%)Libya11 kt (est. 1%)Iraq8.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins23 kt (est. 3%)Norway: no crude data60 kt (7%)Denmark: crude not from imports54 kt (6%)Sweden: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (<1%)Sweden (own refineries)559 kt (65%)Denmark127 kt (15%)Netherlands75 kt (9%)Norway60 kt (7%)Finland43 kt (5%)Sweden: road diesel supply863 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Sweden (own refineries)
- Denmark
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Finland
- Norway432 kt (est. 50%)
- United States90 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom80 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria64 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola18 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya11 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq8.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway: no crude data60 kt (7%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports54 kt (6%)
- Sweden: crude not from imports19 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2023)
89.6 thousand tonnes
est. 10% of Sweden's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported90 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Denmark34 kt (est. 38%)
- Sweden (own refineries)31 kt (est. 35%)
- Netherlands18 kt (est. 20%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden (own refineries) | Sweden: road diesel supply | 558,816 | 64.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Denmark | Sweden: road diesel supply | 126,634 | 14.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden: road diesel supply | 74,839 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Sweden: road diesel supply | 59,525 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Sweden: road diesel supply | 43,070 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Sweden (own refineries) | 356,875 | 63.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden (own refineries) | 64,761 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden (own refineries) | 59,565 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 59,525 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 54,083 | 42.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Denmark | 34,422 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 31,302 | 72.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden (own refineries) | 30,998 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 29,391 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Sweden: crude not from imports | Sweden (own refineries) | 18,750 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 17,657 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Sweden (own refineries) | 17,169 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 16,291 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 13,987 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden (own refineries) | 10,698 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 9,164 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 8,541 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Denmark | 6,553 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 6,484 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,203 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,130 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 3,826 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's road diesel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 2,184 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 1,459 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 866 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Sweden’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Norway: no crude data (59,525 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (54,083 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Sweden: crude not from imports (18,750 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,662 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.