Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Sweden's jet fuel supply was 47 kt: 3% from its own refineries, with imports from the United Arab Emirates (86%) and the Netherlands (12%); tracing one step back, no single crude origin reaches 5% of it, and 86% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway1.7 kt (est. 4%)United States1.5 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom0.7 kt (est. 2%)Iraq0.6 kt (est. 1%)Nigeria0.4 kt (est. <1%)Brazil0.4 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 2%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data40 kt (86%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Sweden (own refineries)1.2 kt (3%)United Arab Emirates40 kt (86%)Netherlands5.6 kt (12%)Sweden: jet fuel supply47 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- United Arab Emirates
- Netherlands
- Sweden (own refineries)
- Norway1.7 kt (est. 4%)
- United States1.5 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom0.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq0.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Nigeria0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil0.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.7 kt (est. 2%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data40 kt (86%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 40,165 | 85.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 5,590 | 11.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden (own refineries) | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 1,200 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 40,165 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,376 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,002 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden (own refineries) | 724 | 60.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 656 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 630 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 609 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 403 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 375 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 330 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 210 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden (own refineries) | 145 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden (own refineries) | 125 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden (own refineries) | 85 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden (own refineries) | 75 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden (own refineries) | 46 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Sweden’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (40,165 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (210 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (125 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.