Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Sweden's jet fuel supply was 64 kt: 5% from its own refineries, with imports from India (44%), the Netherlands (41%) and Belgium (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Norway (12%) and the United Kingdom (8%), and 46% cannot be traced.
Country
United States8.9 kt (est. 14%)Norway8.0 kt (est. 12%)United Kingdom5.0 kt (est. 8%)Iraq3.1 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria2.2 kt (est. 3%)Brazil1.9 kt (est. 3%)Kazakhstan1.6 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins3.9 kt (est. 6%)India: no crude data28 kt (44%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)Sweden (own refineries)3.0 kt (5%)India28 kt (44%)Netherlands26 kt (41%)Belgium6.7 kt (10%)Sweden: jet fuel supply64 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- India
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Sweden (own refineries)
- United States8.9 kt (est. 14%)
- Norway8.0 kt (est. 12%)
- United Kingdom5.0 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq3.1 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria2.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil1.9 kt (est. 3%)
- Kazakhstan1.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins3.9 kt (est. 6%)
- India: no crude data28 kt (44%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 27,978 | 43.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 26,468 | 41.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 6,710 | 10.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Sweden (own refineries) | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 3,003 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| India: no crude data | India | 27,978 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,566 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 4,622 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 3,771 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,763 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,494 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden (own refineries) | 1,928 | 64.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,850 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,631 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,448 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,298 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 985 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 948 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 931 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 632 | 2.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 630 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 472 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden (own refineries) | 390 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 381 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 274 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden (own refineries) | 256 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden (own refineries) | 230 | 7.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 213 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 209 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden (own refineries) | 106 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden (own refineries) | 92 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's jet fuel to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 59 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Sweden’s supply of jet fuel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- India: no crude data (27,978 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,104 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (499 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.