Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Sweden's petrol supply was 460 kt: 88% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Denmark (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (52%), the United Kingdom (16%) and the United States (12%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway239 kt (est. 52%)United Kingdom76 kt (est. 16%)United States55 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria41 kt (est. 9%)Libya24 kt (est. 5%)Brazil5.6 kt (est. 1%)Iraq0.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. <1%)Sweden: crude origin not reported8.8 kt (2%)Denmark: crude not from imports8.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Sweden (own refineries)404 kt (88%)Denmark33 kt (7%)Finland20 kt (4%)Netherlands3.2 kt (<1%)Sweden: petrol supply460 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Sweden (own refineries)
- Denmark
- Finland
- Netherlands
- Norway239 kt (est. 52%)
- United Kingdom76 kt (est. 16%)
- United States55 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria41 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya24 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil5.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Iraq0.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Sweden: crude origin not reported8.8 kt (2%)
- Denmark: crude not from imports8.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden (own refineries) | Sweden: petrol supply | 403,528 | 87.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Denmark | Sweden: petrol supply | 32,592 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Sweden: petrol supply | 20,344 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden: petrol supply | 3,179 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | Sweden (own refineries) | 217,865 | 54.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden (own refineries) | 72,038 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden (own refineries) | 38,564 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden (own refineries) | 37,743 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden (own refineries) | 23,855 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 18,048 | 88.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 15,104 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Sweden: crude origin not reported | Sweden (own refineries) | 8,768 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Denmark: crude not from imports | Denmark | 8,595 | 26.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Sweden (own refineries) | 4,694 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's petrol to Sweden split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 3,047 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 2,600 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Denmark | 1,789 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's petrol to Sweden split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Denmark | 1,457 | 4.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Netherlands | 859 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 825 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Finland | 808 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Finland | 612 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Finland's petrol to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 467 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 350 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 343 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 339 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 328 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 292 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 200 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Finland | 51 | 0.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Sweden’s supply of petrol in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Sweden: crude origin not reported (8,768 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Denmark: crude not from imports (8,595 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,658 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (51 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.