Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Sweden's jet fuel supply was 102 kt, all of it imported, mainly from the Netherlands (45%), Kuwait (40%) and Norway (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (10%), Norway (9%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 55% cannot be traced.
Country
United States10 kt (est. 10%)Norway9.5 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan6.0 kt (est. 6%)Brazil4.7 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom4.4 kt (est. 4%)Iraq4.2 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria3.0 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins4.3 kt (est. 4%)Kuwait: no crude data41 kt (40%)Norway: no crude data9.7 kt (10%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.8 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Netherlands46 kt (45%)Kuwait41 kt (40%)Norway9.7 kt (10%)Belgium5.3 kt (5%)Finland0.2 kt (<1%)Sweden: jet fuel supply102 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Norway
- Belgium
- Finland
- United States10 kt (est. 10%)
- Norway9.5 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan6.0 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil4.7 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom4.4 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq4.2 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria3.0 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins4.3 kt (est. 4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data41 kt (40%)
- Norway: no crude data9.7 kt (10%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported3.8 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 46,026 | 45.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 41,162 | 40.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Norway | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 9,733 | 9.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 5,250 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Finland | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 220 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 41,162 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway: no crude data | Norway | 9,733 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Netherlands | 9,562 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 8,168 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,319 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 4,211 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 4,015 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,995 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,766 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,678 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,681 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 1,169 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 733 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 678 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 651 | 12.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 630 | 1.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 630 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 447 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 365 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 357 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 213 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Finland | 145 | 66.1% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Finland | 31 | 14.0% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Other crude origins | Finland | 22 | 9.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Finland | 13 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 9 | 4.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Finland's jet fuel to Sweden split by Finland's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Finland did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 8 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Sweden’s supply of jet fuel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (41,162 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Norway: no crude data (9,733 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (3,766 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (664 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (637 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.