Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Sweden's jet fuel supply was 59 kt, all of it imported, from Belgium (63%) and the Netherlands (37%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Norway (20%), the United States (18%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 4% cannot be traced.
Country
Norway12 kt (est. 20%)United States11 kt (est. 18%)Kazakhstan8.1 kt (est. 14%)United Kingdom4.5 kt (est. 8%)Iraq4.1 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria4.0 kt (est. 7%)Libya2.6 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 18%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (2%)Belgium: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Belgium37 kt (63%)Netherlands22 kt (37%)Sweden: jet fuel supply59 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Norway12 kt (est. 20%)
- United States11 kt (est. 18%)
- Kazakhstan8.1 kt (est. 14%)
- United Kingdom4.5 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq4.1 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria4.0 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya2.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 18%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (2%)
- Belgium: crude origin not reported0.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 36,845 | 62.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Sweden: jet fuel supply | 21,709 | 37.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,221 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 7,808 | 21.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,039 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 4,951 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,488 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 3,851 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,181 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,673 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,451 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2,386 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 2,266 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 2,238 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,787 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's jet fuel to Sweden split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,707 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,376 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,306 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 795 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Sweden split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Belgium: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 741 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 289 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Sweden’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (1,376 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Belgium: crude origin not reported (741 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (289 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.