Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, all 27 EU member states reported importing 42,242 kt of crude oil; the largest origins outside the EU were the United States (17%), Norway (13%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and less than 1% came from other EU member states, with 6% not attributed to any country.
Countries shownAll countriesTop 5 originsTop 5 destinations
Month
United States7.18 Mt (17%)Norway5.38 Mt (13%)Kazakhstan4.16 Mt (10%)Libya2.79 Mt (7%)Nigeria2.66 Mt (6%)Iraq2.60 Mt (6%)Saudi Arabia2.32 Mt (5%)Azerbaijan2.04 Mt (5%)Brazil1.97 Mt (5%)United Kingdom1.75 Mt (4%)Angola1.34 Mt (3%)Algeria1.33 Mt (3%)Other origins outside the EU4.18 Mt (10%)Other EU member states106 kt (<1%)Origin not reported2.43 Mt (6%)Germany7.21 Mt (17%)Italy5.91 Mt (14%)Spain5.09 Mt (12%)Netherlands4.49 Mt (11%)France4.35 Mt (10%)Belgium2.66 Mt (6%)Greece2.22 Mt (5%)Poland2.03 Mt (5%)Sweden1.58 Mt (4%)Finland905 kt (2%)Lithuania795 kt (2%)Portugal746 kt (2%)Romania676 kt (2%)Austria658 kt (2%)Bulgaria612 kt (1%)Czechia580 kt (1%)Slovakia548 kt (1%)Denmark517 kt (1%)Hungary484 kt (1%)Ireland174 kt (<1%)
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Where the oil was produced
- United States7.18 Mt (17%)
- Norway5.38 Mt (13%)
- Kazakhstan4.16 Mt (10%)
- Libya2.79 Mt (7%)
- Nigeria2.66 Mt (6%)
- Iraq2.60 Mt (6%)
- Saudi Arabia2.32 Mt (5%)
- Azerbaijan2.04 Mt (5%)
- Brazil1.97 Mt (5%)
- United Kingdom1.75 Mt (4%)
- Angola1.34 Mt (3%)
- Algeria1.33 Mt (3%)
- Other origins outside the EU4.18 Mt (10%)
- Other EU member states106 kt (<1%)
- Origin not reported2.43 Mt (6%)
- Reported (solid)
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
Total crude oil imports reported (Dec 2023)
2.22 million tonnes
5% of reported EU crude oil imports
Official
Top origin countries
- Iraq828 kt (37%)
- Kazakhstan627 kt (28%)
- Libya222 kt (10%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis)
- Reported; colour = country of production
- Summed by us (dotted)
- Origin not reported (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany | 2,042,687 | 28.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Germany | 1,546,568 | 21.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,333,103 | 29.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Spain | 1,149,893 | 22.6% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,116,695 | 18.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain | 1,061,721 | 20.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Poland | 1,010,000 | 49.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | France | 988,000 | 22.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Sweden | 869,734 | 55.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Greece | 828,407 | 37.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 816,762 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Finland | 808,000 | 89.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Italy | 805,804 | 13.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Poland | 780,000 | 38.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Germany | 750,208 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | France | 746,000 | 17.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Italy | 702,896 | 11.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Spain | 655,519 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy | 629,625 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 626,773 | 28.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Bulgaria | 611,828 | 100.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 565,120 | 12.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Slovakia | 547,692 | 100.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Angola | Spain | 522,549 | 10.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 511,156 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | France | 497,000 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 481,725 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | France | 480,000 | 11.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Belgium | 425,000 | 16.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Germany | 418,414 | 5.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 411,480 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Lithuania | 405,100 | 51.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Italy | 402,651 | 6.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Other origins outside the EU | Hungary | 398,000 | 82.2% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 384,208 | 7.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 379,200 | 14.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | France | 376,000 | 8.6% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Origin not reported | Netherlands | 374,548 | 8.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 366,853 | 8.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Germany | 362,729 | 5.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Angola | France | 349,000 | 8.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 347,771 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Italy | 347,255 | 5.9% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Algeria | Spain | 337,376 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Spain | 333,722 | 6.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 331,577 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Angola | Belgium | 329,600 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 329,100 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Belgium | 328,700 | 12.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 319,000 | 47.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 302,996 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 302,707 | 46.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Belgium | 302,700 | 11.4% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United States | Denmark | 300,000 | 58.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | France | 282,000 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 278,026 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Spain | 275,888 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Portugal | 268,957 | 36.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 268,719 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 265,680 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 265,632 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Czechia | 263,000 | 45.3% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Libya | France | 259,000 | 5.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Germany | 257,816 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 257,727 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 247,279 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Germany | 244,229 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Belgium | 239,800 | 9.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Libya | Greece | 221,948 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Italy | 214,844 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Lithuania | 198,500 | 25.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 186,997 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Italy | 185,266 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 180,430 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Netherlands | 178,480 | 4.0% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 176,411 | 8.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Ireland | 174,171 | 100.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Austria | 172,488 | 26.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 169,000 | 29.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Romania | 167,000 | 24.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 162,800 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 148,000 | 25.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal | 138,266 | 18.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Greece | 136,589 | 6.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | France | 132,000 | 3.0% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Nigeria | Poland | 130,000 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Angola | Portugal | 129,090 | 17.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Romania | 129,000 | 19.1% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 127,300 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Portugal | 123,331 | 16.5% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 118,568 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Germany | 116,705 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 109,000 | 21.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Nigeria | Denmark | 108,000 | 20.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Poland | 100,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Austria | 97,849 | 14.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Kingdom | Lithuania | 97,300 | 12.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Finland | 97,000 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | France | 96,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 94,550 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Lithuania | 93,800 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Origin not reported | Sweden | 93,593 | 5.9% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| United Kingdom | France | 87,000 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Portugal | 86,577 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 85,452 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Libya | Sweden | 81,399 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Greece | 80,361 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Algeria | Italy | 79,984 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Germany | 64,904 | 0.9% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 62,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 61,000 | 9.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other origins outside the EU | Greece | 60,329 | 2.7% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 56,000 | 11.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Austria | 44,275 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 39,934 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Brazil | Belgium | 34,900 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 31,338 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Hungary | 30,000 | 6.2% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Angola | Germany | 11,418 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other EU member states | Poland | 10,000 | 0.5% | Summed by usSum of the published imports from the smaller origins. |
| Algeria | Belgium | 4,400 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:21 UTCConfidenceOfficialMethodologyDownload CSV
Eurostat (European Commission)Official
Provenance
OfficialOfficial- Publisher
- Eurostat (European Commission)
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country - monthly datanrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 07:29 UTC
- Type
- Official
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised with attribution
- Tonnes are the figures each member state published (OFFICIAL); shares and the 'Other' and 'Origin not reported' sums are our arithmetic on them (CALCULATED).
- Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced.
Left: where the crude oil was produced. Right: the EU member state that reported importing it in 2023-12, in tonnes. Every solid flow is a figure a member state published. In the Top 5 views the other side keeps its eight largest countries and sums the rest into one “Other” row (our arithmetic, dotted).
Month: 2023-12 (requested; 27 of 27 member states reported). Energy basis: the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm).
Not in the diagram: Croatia, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovenia. They reported no imports above zero from any named origin for this month (a reported zero, or origins the publisher withheld). That is not the same as importing nothing.
- Energy basis (Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm): the country where the oil was produced, as each EU member state reports it. The customs basis (country of consignment) is not mixed in.
- Imports from other EU member states are mostly re-exports of oil produced elsewhere; they are grouped separately so they are not read as production.
- A member state's imports the publisher did not attribute to a country are shown as 'Origin not reported', never spread over the named origins.